docs/zh-CN/skills/git-workflow

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Git 工作流模式

Git 版本控制、分支策略与协作开发的最佳实践。

何时启用

  • 为新项目设置 Git 工作流
  • 决定分支策略(GitFlow、主干开发、GitHub Flow)
  • 编写提交信息和 PR 描述
  • 解决合并冲突
  • 管理发布和版本标签
  • 让新团队成员熟悉 Git 实践

分支策略

GitHub Flow(简单,推荐大多数场景使用)

最适合持续部署以及中小型团队。

main (protected, always deployable)
  │
  ├── feature/user-auth      → PR → merge to main
  ├── feature/payment-flow   → PR → merge to main
  └── fix/login-bug          → PR → merge to main

规则:

  • main 始终可部署
  • main 创建功能分支
  • 准备就绪后发起 Pull Request
  • 审核通过且 CI 通过后,合并到 main
  • 合并后立即部署

主干开发(高速度团队)

最适合具备强大 CI/CD 和功能开关的团队。

main (主干)
  │
  ├── 短期功能分支(最长1-2天)
  ├── 短期功能分支
  └── 短期功能分支

规则:

  • 所有人直接提交到 main 或使用极短生命周期的分支
  • 功能开关隐藏未完成的工作
  • 合并前必须通过 CI
  • 每天多次部署

GitFlow(复杂,基于发布周期)

适合计划性发布和企业级项目。

main (生产发布版本)
  │
  └── develop (集成分支)
        │
        ├── feature/user-auth
        ├── feature/payment
        │
        ├── release/1.0.0    → 合并到 main 和 develop
        │
        └── hotfix/critical  → 合并到 main 和 develop

规则:

  • main 仅包含生产就绪代码
  • develop 是集成分支
  • 功能分支从 develop 创建,合并回 develop
  • 发布分支从 develop 创建,合并到 maindevelop
  • 热修复分支从 main 创建,合并到 maindevelop

何时使用哪种策略

策略团队规模发布频率最佳适用场景
GitHub Flow任意持续SaaS、Web 应用、初创公司
主干开发5 人以上有经验每天多次高速度团队、功能开关
GitFlow10 人以上计划性企业、受监管行业

提交信息

常规提交格式

<type>(<scope>): <subject>

[optional body]

[optional footer(s)]

类型

类型用途示例
feat新功能feat(auth): add OAuth2 login
fix错误修复fix(api): handle null response in user endpoint
docs文档docs(readme): update installation instructions
style格式调整,无代码变更style: fix indentation in login component
refactor代码重构refactor(db): extract connection pool to module
test添加/更新测试test(auth): add unit tests for token validation
chore维护任务chore(deps): update dependencies
perf性能改进perf(query): add index to users table
ciCI/CD 变更ci: add PostgreSQL service to test workflow
revert回滚之前的提交revert: revert "feat(auth): add OAuth2 login"

好与坏的示例

# 不好:模糊,无上下文
git commit -m "修复了一些东西"
git commit -m "更新"
git commit -m "进行中"

# 好:清晰,具体,解释原因
git commit -m "fix(api): 在 503 服务不可用时重试请求

外部 API 在高峰时段偶尔会返回 503 错误。
添加了指数退避重试逻辑,最多尝试 3 次。

关闭 #123"

提交信息模板

在仓库根目录创建 .gitmessage

# <type>(<scope>): <subject>
# # 类型:feat, fix, docs, style, refactor, test, chore, perf, ci, revert
# 范围:api, ui, db, auth 等
# 主题:祈使语气,无句号,最多50个字符
#
# [可选正文] - 解释原因,而非内容
# [可选脚注] - 破坏性变更,关闭 #issue

启用方式:git config commit.template .gitmessage

合并 vs 变基

合并(保留历史)

# Creates a merge commit
git checkout main
git merge feature/user-auth

# Result:
# *   merge commit
# |\
# | * feature commits
# |/
# * main commits

适用场景:

  • 将功能分支合并到 main
  • 希望保留完整历史
  • 多人共同开发该分支
  • 分支已推送,其他人可能基于它开展工作

变基(线性历史)

# Rewrites feature commits onto target branch
git checkout feature/user-auth
git rebase main

# Result:
# * feature commits (rewritten)
# * main commits

适用场景:

  • 用最新的 main 更新本地功能分支
  • 希望获得线性、干净的历史
  • 分支仅存在于本地(未推送)
  • 只有你一个人在该分支上工作

变基工作流

# Update feature branch with latest main (before PR)
git checkout feature/user-auth
git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main

# Fix any conflicts
# Tests should still pass

# Force push (only if you're the only contributor)
git push --force-with-lease origin feature/user-auth

何时不应变基

# 切勿变基以下分支:
- 已推送至共享仓库的分支
- 他人已基于其工作的分支
- 受保护分支(main、develop)
- 已合并的分支

# 原因:变基会重写历史,破坏他人的工作

Pull Request 工作流

PR 标题格式

<type>(<scope>): <description>

示例:
feat(auth): add SSO support for enterprise users
fix(api): resolve race condition in order processing
docs(api): add OpenAPI specification for v2 endpoints

PR 描述模板

## 内容

简要描述此 PR 的内容。

## 动机

解释动机和背景。

## 实现方式

值得强调的关键实现细节。

## 测试

- [ ] 新增/更新单元测试
- [ ] 新增/更新集成测试
- [ ] 执行手动测试

## 截图(如适用)

UI 变更的前后对比截图。

## 检查清单

- [ ] 代码遵循项目风格指南
- [ ] 完成自我审查
- [ ] 为复杂逻辑添加注释
- [ ] 更新文档
- [ ] 未引入新警告
- [ ] 测试在本地通过
- [ ] 关联问题已链接

关闭 #123

代码审查清单

审查者:

  • [ ] 代码是否解决了所述问题?
  • [ ] 是否处理了所有边界情况?
  • [ ] 代码是否可读且易于维护?
  • [ ] 是否有足够的测试?
  • [ ] 是否存在安全问题?
  • [ ] 提交历史是否干净(必要时已压缩)?

作者:

  • [ ] 在请求审查前已完成自我审查
  • [ ] CI 通过(测试、lint、类型检查)
  • [ ] PR 大小合理(理想情况下 <500 行)
  • [ ] 与单个功能/修复相关
  • [ ] 描述清晰解释了变更内容

冲突解决

识别冲突

# Check for conflicts before merge
git checkout main
git merge feature/user-auth --no-commit --no-ff

# If conflicts, Git will show:
# CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in src/auth/login.ts
# Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

解决冲突

# See conflicted files
git status

# View conflict markers in file
# <<<<<<< HEAD
# content from main
# =======
# content from feature branch
# >>>>>>> feature/user-auth

# Option 1: Manual resolution
# Edit file, remove markers, keep correct content

# Option 2: Use merge tool
git mergetool

# Option 3: Accept one side
git checkout --ours src/auth/login.ts    # Keep main version
git checkout --theirs src/auth/login.ts  # Keep feature version

# After resolving, stage and commit
git add src/auth/login.ts
git commit

冲突预防策略

# 1. Keep feature branches small and short-lived
# 2. Rebase frequently onto main
git checkout feature/user-auth
git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main

# 3. Communicate with team about touching shared files
# 4. Use feature flags instead of long-lived branches
# 5. Review and merge PRs promptly

分支管理

命名规范

# 功能分支
feature/user-authentication
feature/JIRA-123-payment-integration

# 错误修复
fix/login-redirect-loop
fix/456-null-pointer-exception

# 热修复(生产问题)
hotfix/critical-security-patch
hotfix/database-connection-leak

# 发布版本
release/1.2.0
release/2024-01-hotfix

# 实验/概念验证
experiment/new-caching-strategy
poc/graphql-migration

分支清理

# Delete local branches that are merged
git branch --merged main | grep -v "^\*\|main" | xargs -n 1 git branch -d

# Delete remote-tracking references for deleted remote branches
git fetch -p

# Delete local branch
git branch -d feature/user-auth  # Safe delete (only if merged)
git branch -D feature/user-auth  # Force delete

# Delete remote branch
git push origin --delete feature/user-auth

暂存工作流

# Save work in progress
git stash push -m "WIP: user authentication"

# List stashes
git stash list

# Apply most recent stash
git stash pop

# Apply specific stash
git stash apply stash@{2}

# Drop stash
git stash drop stash@{0}

发布管理

语义化版本

MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH

MAJOR:破坏性变更
MINOR:新功能,向后兼容
PATCH:错误修复,向后兼容

示例:
1.0.0 → 1.0.1(补丁:错误修复)
1.0.1 → 1.1.0(次要:新功能)
1.1.0 → 2.0.0(主要:破坏性变更)

创建发布

# Create annotated tag
git tag -a v1.2.0 -m "Release v1.2.0

Features:
- Add user authentication
- Implement password reset

Fixes:
- Resolve login redirect issue

Breaking Changes:
- None"

# Push tag to remote
git push origin v1.2.0

# List tags
git tag -l

# Delete tag
git tag -d v1.2.0
git push origin --delete v1.2.0

变更日志生成

# Generate changelog from commits
git log v1.1.0..v1.2.0 --oneline --no-merges

# Or use conventional-changelog
npx conventional-changelog -i CHANGELOG.md -s

Git 配置

基本配置

# User identity
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "your@email.com"

# Default branch name
git config --global init.defaultBranch main

# Pull behavior (rebase instead of merge)
git config --global pull.rebase true

# Push behavior (push current branch only)
git config --global push.default current

# Auto-correct typos
git config --global help.autocorrect 1

# Better diff algorithm
git config --global diff.algorithm histogram

# Color output
git config --global color.ui auto

实用别名

# Add to ~/.gitconfig
[alias]
    co = checkout
    br = branch
    ci = commit
    st = status
    unstage = reset HEAD --
    last = log -1 HEAD
    visual = log --oneline --graph --all
    amend = commit --amend --no-edit
    wip = commit -m "WIP"
    undo = reset --soft HEAD~1
    contributors = shortlog -sn

Gitignore 模式

# Dependencies
node_modules/
vendor/

# Build outputs
dist/
build/
*.o
*.exe

# Environment files
.env
.env.local
.env.*.local

# IDE
.idea/
.vscode/
*.swp
*.swo

# OS files
.DS_Store
Thumbs.db

# Logs
*.log
logs/

# Test coverage
coverage/

# Cache
.cache/
*.tsbuildinfo

常见工作流

开始新功能

# 1. Update main branch
git checkout main
git pull origin main

# 2. Create feature branch
git checkout -b feature/user-auth

# 3. Make changes and commit
git add .
git commit -m "feat(auth): implement OAuth2 login"

# 4. Push to remote
git push -u origin feature/user-auth

# 5. Create Pull Request on GitHub/GitLab

用新变更更新 PR

# 1. Make additional changes
git add .
git commit -m "feat(auth): add error handling"

# 2. Push updates
git push origin feature/user-auth

同步 Fork 与上游

# 1. Add upstream remote (once)
git remote add upstream https://github.com/original/repo.git

# 2. Fetch upstream
git fetch upstream

# 3. Merge upstream/main into your main
git checkout main
git merge upstream/main

# 4. Push to your fork
git push origin main

撤销错误操作

# Undo last commit (keep changes)
git reset --soft HEAD~1

# Undo last commit (discard changes)
git reset --hard HEAD~1

# Undo last commit pushed to remote
git revert HEAD
git push origin main

# Undo specific file changes
git checkout HEAD -- path/to/file

# Fix last commit message
git commit --amend -m "New message"

# Add forgotten file to last commit
git add forgotten-file
git commit --amend --no-edit

Git 钩子

预提交钩子

#!/bin/bash
# .git/hooks/pre-commit

# Run linting
npm run lint || exit 1

# Run tests
npm test || exit 1

# Check for secrets
if git diff --cached | grep -E '(password|api_key|secret)'; then
    echo "Possible secret detected. Commit aborted."
    exit 1
fi

预推送钩子

#!/bin/bash
# .git/hooks/pre-push

# Run full test suite
npm run test:all || exit 1

# Check for console.log statements
if git diff origin/main | grep -E 'console\.log'; then
    echo "Remove console.log statements before pushing."
    exit 1
fi

反模式

# 错误:直接提交到主分支
git checkout main
git commit -m "修复bug"

# 正确:使用功能分支和拉取请求

# 错误:提交机密信息
git add .env  # 包含API密钥

# 正确:添加到.gitignore,使用环境变量

# 错误:巨大的拉取请求(超过1000行)
# 正确:拆分为更小、更聚焦的拉取请求

# 错误:"更新"类提交信息
git commit -m "更新"
git commit -m "修复"

# 正确:描述性信息
git commit -m "fix(auth): 解决登录后的重定向循环问题"

# 错误:重写公共历史
git push --force origin main

# 正确:对公共分支使用回退
git revert HEAD

# 错误:长期存在的功能分支(数周/数月)
# 正确:保持分支短期(数天),频繁变基

# 错误:提交生成的文件
git add dist/
git add node_modules/

# 正确:添加到.gitignore

快速参考

任务命令
创建分支git checkout -b feature/name
切换分支git checkout branch-name
删除分支git branch -d branch-name
合并分支git merge branch-name
变基分支git rebase main
查看历史git log --oneline --graph
查看变更git diff
暂存变更git add .git add -p
提交git commit -m "message"
推送git push origin branch-name
拉取git pull origin branch-name
暂存git stash push -m "message"
撤销上次提交git reset --soft HEAD~1
回滚提交git revert HEAD
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